Privacy Sandbox 的文章和說明文件假設讀者瞭解隱私權、廣告和網頁開發的概念。本詞彙表會說明與 Privacy Sandbox 相關的重要術語。
廣告競價 (Protected Audience API)
In the Protected Audience API, an ad auction is run by a seller (likely to be an SSP or maybe the publisher itself), in JavaScript code in the browser on the user's device, to sell ad space on a site that displays ads.
廣告素材、素材
Ad creative refers to the contents of the ad served to users. Creatives can be images, videos, audio, and other formats. Creatives live within an ad space, and are served by ad tech within line items.
Ad Exchange
An ad exchange is a platform to automate buying and selling of ad inventory from multiple ad networks.
廣告空間
Ad inventory space is the space or spaces for ads that are available from a site that sells ad space.
廣告平台 (廣告技術)
廣告平台是提供服務來放送廣告的公司。
廣告主
廣告客戶是付費宣傳自家產品的公司。
可匯總報表計算
位於兩個協調器中的分散式分錄帳，用於追蹤已分配的隱私權預算，並強制執行「不重複」規則。這是隱私權保護機制，位於協調器中並由其執行，可確保系統不會將超過分配的隱私預算的報表傳送至匯總服務。
可匯總報表計算預算
參照預算，確保系統不會重複處理個別報表。
可匯總報表
可匯總報表是從個別使用者裝置傳送的加密報表。這些報表包含跨網站使用者行為和轉換的資料。轉換 (有時稱為歸因觸發事件) 和相關指標是由廣告主或廣告技術定義。每份報表都會加密，以免各方存取基礎資料。
匯總服務
由廣告技術營運的服務，可處理可匯總報表並產生摘要報表。
如要進一步瞭解匯集服務的背景資訊，請參閱說明文章和完整條款清單。
API 呼叫端
An API caller is an entity, such as an app, a third-party SDK, or a website, that makes a request to the Topics API to access a user's interests.
確認聲明
驗證軟體身分的機制，通常會使用加密雜湊或簽章。對於匯總服務提案，認證會將廣告技術營運匯總服務中執行的程式碼與開放原始碼進行比對。
歸因
Attribution refers to the identification of user actions that contribute to an outcome.
For example, a correlation of ad clicks or views with conversions.
Blink
Blink is the rendering engine used by Chrome, developed as part of the Chromium project.
採購
買方是指在廣告競價中針對廣告空間出價的第三方，可能是需求端平台，也可能是廣告客戶本身。買方擁有及管理興趣群組
發布商會透過稱為「廣告交易平台」的市集提供廣告空間，而買方會透過需求端平台即時競爭刊登廣告的機會。
瞭解 Protected Audience API 中的廣告空間買方。
鉻
Chromium is an open-source web browser project. Chrome, Microsoft Edge, Opera and other browsers are based on Chromium.
點閱後轉換
「點閱後轉換」是指廣告點擊所促成的轉換，
點閱率 (CTR)
點閱率是指按下廣告並看見廣告的使用者比例。
另請參閱曝光。
貢獻者綁定
Aggregatable reports may contain an arbitrary number of counter increments. For
example, a report may contain a count of products that a user has viewed on an
advertiser's site. The sum of increments in all aggregatable reports related to
a single source event must not exceed a given limit, such as L1=2^16 (65,536).
Learn more in the aggregatable reports explainer.
轉換
A conversion is the completion of some desired goal following action by a user.
For example, a conversion may occur with the purchase of a product or sign-up for a newsletter after clicking an ad that links to the advertiser's site.
Cookie
A cookie is a small piece of textual data that websites can store on a user's browser. Cookies can be used by a website to save information associated with a user (or a reference to data stored on the website's backend servers) as the user moves across the web.
For example, an online store can retain shopping cart details even if a user is not logged in, or the site could record the user's browsing activity on their site. See First-party cookie and Third-party cookie.
協調員
Entities responsible for key management and aggregatable report accounting. A Coordinator maintains a list of hashes of approved aggregation service configurations and configures access to decryption keys.
粗略資料
Coarse data refers to limited information provided by Attribution Reporting API event-level reports. This is limited to 3 pieces of conversion data for clicks and 1 piece for views. Specific, granular conversion data (such as specific prices of items and timestamps) are not included.
資料管理平台 (DMP)
A data management platform is software used to collect and manage data relevant for advertisers. These platforms help advertisers and publishers identify audience segments, which can then be used for campaign targeting.
Learn more about DMPs.
需求端平台 (DSP)
A demand-side platform is an ad tech service used to automate ad purchasing. DSPs are used by advertisers to buy ad impressions across a range of publisher sites.
差異化隱私
Differential privacy refers to techniques to allow sharing of information about a dataset to reveal patterns of behaviour without revealing private information about individuals or whether they belong to the dataset.
網域
熵
Entropy, in the privacy domain, is a measure of how much an item of data reveals individual identity.
Data entropy is measured in bits. The more that data reveals identity, the higher its entropy value.
Data can be combined to identify an individual, but it can be difficult to work out whether new data adds to entropy. For example, knowing a person is from Australia doesn't reduce entropy if you already know the person is from Kangaroo Island.
訓練週期
在 Topics API 中，「週期」是指瀏覽器根據瀏覽活動推斷使用者的一段時間。目前設為一週。
eTLD、eTLD+1
eTLD 是由 公開尾碼清單。
例如：
co.uk
github.io
glitch.me
只要具備有效的頂層網域，foo.appspot.com 就能和其他網站
bar.appspot.com。本案例的 eTLD 為 appspot.com，
網站名稱 (foo.appspot.com、bar.appspot.com) 稱為 eTLD+1。
另請參閱頂層網域。
事件層級報表
Event-level reports associate a particular ad click or view (on the ad side) with data on the conversion side. To preserve user privacy by limiting the joining of user identity across sites, conversion-side data is very limited, and the data is noisy.
Federated Credential Management API (FedCM)
Federated Credential Management API is a proposal for a privacy-preserving approach to federated identity services. This will allow users to log into sites without sharing their personal information with the identity service or the site.
FedCM was previously known as WebID, and is still in development in the W3C.
聯合身分識別 (聯合登入)
Federated identity is a third-party platform to allow a user to sign in to a website, without requiring the site to implement their own identity service.
圍欄頁框
A (<fencedframe>) 是針對嵌入內容提出的 HTML 元素提案，類似於 iframe。與 iframe 不同的是，圍欄頁框會限制與嵌入結構定義的通訊，允許影格存取跨網站資料，而不會與嵌入環境共用。
部分 Privacy Sandbox API 可能需要特定文件才能在圍欄頁框中顯示。進一步瞭解 Fenced Frames 提案。
數位指紋採集
Fingerprinting encompasses techniques to identify and track the behaviour of individual users.
Fingerprinting uses mechanisms that users aren't aware of and can't control.
表面指紋採集
指紋途徑可以與其他途徑搭配使用，以識別特定使用者或裝置。
例如，navigator.userAgent() JavaScript 方法和 User-Agent HTTP 要求標頭會提供指紋途徑 (User-Agent 字串) 的存取權。
第一方
First party refers to resources from the site you're visiting.
For example, the page you're reading is on the site developer.chrome.com and
includes resources requested from this site. Requests for those first-party
resources are called 'first-party requests'. Cookies from
developer.chrome.com stored while you're on this site are called
first-party cookies.
See also Third-party.
第一方 Cookie
A first-party cookie is a cookie stored by a website while a user is on the site itself.
For example, an online store might ask a browser to store a cookie in order to retain shopping cart details for a user who is not logged in. See also Third-party cookies.
I2E
Intent to Experiment (I2E) is the announcement of a plan to make a new Blink feature available to users for testing, typically through an origin trial.
I2EE
「擴充實驗」(I2EE) 是一項計畫的公告，用於延長來源試用的持續時間。
I2P
Intent to Prototype (I2P) is the first stage in developing a new feature in Blink. The announcement is posted to the blink-dev mailing list with a link to the proposal for discussion.
I2S
Intent to Ship (I2S) 宣布了一項計劃，那就是向使用 Chrome 穩定版的使用者提供 Blink 的新功能。
曝光
Impression could refer to either:
- View of an ad. See also click-through rate.
- An ad slot: the HTML markup (usually
<div>tags) on a web page where an ad can be displayed. Ad slots constitute inventory.
按照興趣顯示廣告 (IBA)
Interest-based advertising (IBA) is a form of personalized advertising in which an ad is selected for a user based on their interests, inferred from the user's activity: the sites they've recently visited on the web, or the apps they used on Android. This is different from contextual advertising, which aims to match ads to the content the user is viewing.
興趣群組
In the Protected Audience API, formerly FLEDGE, an interest group represents a group of people with a common interest, corresponding to a remarketing list.
Every interest group has an owner. Different types of owners will create different types of interest groups with different use cases.
庫存
Inventory is the ad slots available on a site. Ad slots are the HTML markup (usually <div>
tags) where ads can be displayed.
k-anonymity
K-anonymity is the measure of anonymity within a data set. If you have k anonymity, you can't be distinguished from k-1 other individuals in the data set. In other words, k individuals have the same information (including you).
雜訊和縮放
匯總過程中加入至摘要報表的統計雜訊，可保護隱私權，並確保最終報表提供匿名評估資訊。
進一步瞭解加法雜訊機制，這是從 Laplace 分配繪製而來。
Nonce
Nonce 是加密通訊中只使用一次的任意數字。
來源
來源是由存取網址的配置 (通訊協定)、主機名稱 (網域) 和通訊埠所定義。
例如：https://developer.chrome.com
來源試用
來源試用是一種試用機制，可讓使用者存取全新或實驗性功能，以便建立功能，讓使用者在這項功能全面推出前，可以先試用一段時間。
當 Chrome 為某項功能提供來源試用時，可以註冊「來源」試用，以便該來源的所有使用者都能使用這項功能，而不必要求使用者切換標記或改用 Chrome 的其他版本 (但可能需要升級)。來源試用可讓開發人員使用新功能建構試用版和原型。試用有助於 Chrome 工程師瞭解新功能的運用方式，以及這些功能如何與其他網路技術互動。
詳情請參閱：開始使用 Chrome 來源試用。
被動表面
Passive surfaces are fingerprinting surfaces—such as User-Agent strings, IP addresses, and Accept-Language headers—that are available to every website, whether the site asks for them or not.
Passive surfaces can easily consume a site's privacy budget.
The Privacy Sandbox initiative proposes replacing passive surfaces with active ways to get specific information, for example using Client Hints a single time to get the user's language rather than having an Accept-Language header for every response to every server.
Protected Audience API
The Protected Audience API is the new name for the FLEDGE API.
發布商
在 Privacy Sandbox 的結構定義中，發布商是一種付費放送廣告的網站。
觸及率
觸及率是指看到廣告或造訪顯示廣告網頁的使用者總數。
即時出價 (RTB)
Real-time bidding refers to an automated auction for buying and selling ad impressions on websites, completed during page load.
再行銷
Remarketing is the practice of advertising to people who've already visited your site on other sites.
For example, an online store could show ads for a toy sale to people who previously viewed toys on their site.
報表來源
The entity that receives aggregatable reports—in other words, you or an ad tech that called the Attribution Reporting API. Aggregatable reports are sent from user devices to a well-known URL associated with the reporting origin. The reporting origin is designated during enrollment.
縮放比例係數
透過 Attribution Reporting API 的情況，「縮放比例係數」是指您選擇將可匯總值乘以多少金額。資源調度會影響雜訊和您的貢獻預算。
賣方
賣方是進行廣告競價的一方，可能是賣方平台，也可能是發布商。
共用 ID
計算值，包含 shared_info、reporting_origin、destination_site (僅限 Attribution Reporting API)、source_registration-time (僅限 Attribution Reporting API)、scheduled_report_time 和版本。
在 shared_info 欄位中共用相同屬性的多份報表，應使用相同的共用 ID。在可匯總報表計算中，共用 ID 扮演著重要角色。
網站
網站等同於 eTLD+1 和配置 (通訊協定)。
另請參閱頂層網域。
儲存空間分區
Storage partitioning is a mechanism in Chrome to prevent certain types of side-channel cross-site tracking, Chrome is partitioning storage and communications APIs in third-party contexts.
Storage partitioning prevents a site from joining data across different sites to track the user across the web.
摘要報表
Attribution Reporting API 和 Private Aggregation API 報表類型。摘要報表包含匯總的使用者資料，並可納入加入雜訊的詳細轉換資料。摘要報表是由匯總報表組成。相較於事件層級報表，這類報表提供更大的彈性，並提供更豐富的資料模型，特別適用於轉換價值等某些用途。
供應端平台、賣方平台
供應端平台是一種廣告技術服務，可自動銷售廣告空間。賣方平台可讓發布商將廣告空間 (要放送廣告的空白矩形) 提供給多個廣告交易平台、DSP 和聯播網。這樣可以吸引許多潛在買方對廣告空間出價。
Surface
Surface. See Fingerprinting surface and Passive surface.
第三方
Third party refers to resources served from a domain that's different from the website you're visiting.
For example, a website foo.com might use analytics code from
google-analytics.com (via JavaScript), fonts from
use.typekit.net (via a link element) and a video from vimeo.com (in an
iframe). See also First-party.
第三方 Cookie
A third-party cookie is a cookie stored by a third-party service.
For example, a video website might include a Watch Later button in their embedded player to allow a user to add a video to their wishlist without forcing them to navigate to the video site.
See also First-party cookie.
頂層網域 (TLD)
Top-level domains such as .com and .org are listed in the Root Zone Database.
主題
「主題」是人類可讀的使用者興趣主題，並屬於 Topics 分類。
主題分類
The Topics taxonomy is a public, human-curated, human-readable hierarchy of categories that the Topics API uses to represent users' interests.
受信任的執行環境 (TEE)
電腦硬體和軟體的安全設定，可讓外部各方驗證機器上執行的確切軟體版本，不必擔心資訊外洩。在 TEE 中，外部各方可驗證軟體是否完全依軟體製造商聲明的方式運作。
如要進一步瞭解 Privacy Sandbox 提案中使用的 TEE，請參閱「Protected Audience API 服務說明」和「匯總服務說明」。
使用者代理程式用戶端提示 (UA-CH)
User-agent client hints provide specific pieces of the User-Agent string on explicit request. This helps reduce passive surfaces in the User-Agent string which may lead to user identification or covert tracking.
UA-CH is sometimes referred to as "Client Hints."
User-Agent 字串
A user-agent string is an HTTP header used by servers and network peers to request identifying information about an application, operating system, vendor, or version of a user agent. The User-Agent string broadcasts a large string of data, which is problematic for user privacy. User-Agent reduction is proposed to remove sensitive information and reduce passive fingerprinting.
.well-known
.well-known 檔案可用於從標準化網址新增網站的重新導向。
舉例來說，當網站設定從 /.well-known/change-password 重新導向至網站變更密碼的頁面時，密碼管理工具可以讓使用者更輕鬆地更新密碼。
此外，在提出要求「之前」存取主機的政策或其他資訊會很實用。舉例來說，robots.txt 會指示網路檢索器要造訪哪些網頁，以及要略過哪些網頁。IETF RFC8615 概述瞭如何讓 /.well-known/ 子目錄中的標準位置存取全網站中繼資料。
如要查看 .well-known 的建議清單，請前往 iana.org/assignments/well-known-uris/well-known-uris.xhtml。
Worklet
A worklet allows you to run specific JavaScript functions and return information back to the requester. Within a worklet, you can execute JavaScript but you cannot interact or communicate with the outside page.
Worklets are used to store and extract data with the Shared Storage API.